ÐÏࡱá>þÿ þÿÿÿþÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿè{é(€àà€ % \ B× Óº‚http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/docs/piuspeech.html accessed 6/12/04º‚http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/docs/piuspeech.html accessed 6/12/04×ÐÓºZhttp://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/comrace/cohesionºZhttp://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/comrace/cohesion×xÓº.http://www/renewal.net/º.http://www/renewal.net/×ÈÓºVhttp://www.statistics.gov.uk/socialcapital/ºVhttp://www.statistics.gov.uk/socialcapital/ò¬/È 0ÒÕä·DArialngsRomant©t©Ð~Øü–¾ 0ü–Õ·DTimes New Romant©t©Ð~Øü–¾ 0ü–Õ ·DWingdingsRomant©t©Ð~Øü–¾ 0ü–Õ¤€@ÿÿ¥ .©  @£nÿý?" dÿd@ÿÿïÿÿÿÿÿÿ  @@``€€ Œð„ð Cí.   / /#"$'+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ƒ ð0ƒ†A¿ÀÅAÿñÿÿ@ñ÷ð8ó€ó€Ð¾™L Êš;Ð'u%Êš;úgþý4(d(dtØ—¾ 0êúÿÿ”ÿÿÿpûppû@ <ý4dddd@—¡k 0t©¬~Øÿ <ý4!d!d@—Ãl 0t©ˆÔŠ0º___PPT10‹ pµpµŠ”º___PPT9‹vønù3nð)/ypfßÌ}×ÑI[‡ÀeÉÿ‰PNG  IHDR a«¬ÕsRGB®Îé`PLTEÀÀÀÿ¿Àÿ¿¿ÿªªÿ••ÿ•”ÿ”•ÿ””ÿ€€ÿ€ÿ€ÿÿkjÿjjÿUUÿ@@ÿ@?ÿ?@ÿ??ÿ++ÿ+*ÿ*+ÿ**ÿÿÿÿà#g¿ cmPPJCmp07128I ±tRNS@æØfAIDATÁ Ã0 ì~±ÿ¯œš¸â·÷¿{î»[„8([Pz2S82(Ч¢ìÖ\”d² XÈP<ãÆ€  zIEND®B`‚ù0nð&WvlÂHM«üU+vn¹çÿ‰PNG  IHDR a«¬ÕsRGB®Îé`PLTEÀÀÀÀ¿ÿ¿Àÿ¿¿ÿªªÿ••ÿ•”ÿ”•ÿ””ÿ€€ÿ€ÿ€ÿÿkjÿjkÿjjÿUUÿTUÿ@@ÿ@?ÿ?@ÿ++ÿ*+ÿ**ÿÿÿÿÿÿM#A cmPPJCmp07128I ±tRNS@æØf>IDATÁ1°€ŽùWùå–€ø}{ïí{÷J‚ %”sî 4!uÊ61QJuRW&›x›&vxÈIEND®B`‚ ùónðéÑe!Âù(˜mPÇùɈËáöÿ‰PNG  IHDRÉøˆysRGB®ÎéPLTE™f™fffÀÀÀ™™Ìf™™™™ff™f™Ì™Ì™™ËO)ã cmPPJCmp0712 jtRNSÿÿ×Ê ADIDAT•cP‚, SV‡A%õà6ACÃÂ!ÄP.iuƒ‰ÂD!".l`)SˆbõàP„bLí@Õ]çK‹·IEND®B`‚?Ù Ú %ðÚkóŸ 4 We get played for fools :¡,ÿÿþª Ÿ¨¯Promises and pitfalls of community and institutional participation for children and young people Ginny Morrow, Institute of Education, University of London v.morrow@ioe.ac.uk¡°P°ÿÿþª&   ó  Ÿ¨Outline of talk ¡ÿÿþª Ÿ ºBackground of recent policy focus on community cohesion, social capital, and citizenship Definitions of participation Data from discussions with children from two research projects and a recent  consultation Conclusions ¡ÞÞÿÿþªÝ ó'Ÿ hThe meteoric rise of the concept of  social capital ¡55(ÿÿþª4 Ÿ jMany definitions: most based on Putnam (1993, 2000 - eg NRU 2002)  Social glue between people, organisations and communities that enable them to work together to pursue shared objectives; social networks characterised by norms of trust and reciprocity; civic engagement; neighbourliness, shared values& (ONS)¡6Z6ÿÿþª.   ó- Ÿ¨And links to citizenship¡ÿÿþª Ÿ \ We must think about building social capital in the wider context of citizenship. The two weave together. Those who volunteer in their communities tend to be more likely to vote. Conversely, those who have a sense of citizenship tend to work with others to improve their communities (Blunkett, 2002) ¡//ÿÿþóŸ¨!A cohesive community is one where¡""$ÿÿþŸ¨m There is a common vision and sense of belonging for all communities Diversity of backgrounds/circumstances is appreciated and valued Those from different backgrounds have similar life opportunities Strong and positive relationships are being developed between people from different backgrounds in workplaces, schools, and within neighbourhoods. (Home Office 2002) ¡PPmPZÿÿþÿÿþÿÿþÿÿþªBJ    ó  Ÿ d Building cohesive communities (Home Office 2002)¡33(ÿÿþª2 Ÿ Disengagement of young people from the local decision-making process Inadequate provision of youth facilities and services  Young people must be enabled to contribute fully to the development of cohesive communities and to have their own, distinctive voice ¡ÿÿþª óŸ¨/Indicators of cc for children and young people?¡00(ÿÿþª/ Ÿ ²Percentage of pupils achieving 5 or more GCSEs at A*-C in an area. But also :  We must listen to and involve local people in developing policies& young people of all communities must be included&  (Home Office, 2002)¡,C–ÚÿÿþªÙ ó Ÿ RChildren and young people s participation¡**(ÿÿþª) Ÿ UN CRC Article 12; DfES/CYPU Kirby et al (2003) Building a culture of participation; But what is meant by  participation ? Hart s (1992) Ladder based on Arnstein s (1969) but this can lose sight of hierarchical structures in which children s lives are conducted.¡  ÿÿþª&  ò óŸ¨ Definitions¡ ÿÿþª  Ÿ ú1.  taking part in , or being present (??latent/passive participation) 2.  knowing that one s actions are taken note of and may be acted upon (Boyden & Ennew 1997) (Active participation?) To what extent do children feel they participate in their communities (are part of, by default) and how does this link to active participation, having a say in decisions in their communities? ¡V~)ÿÿþÿÿþoÿÿþÿÿþÒÿÿþª½¿ óŸ¨ 3 projects¡ ÿÿþª  Ÿ Understanding families  (1996-7)  (8-14 year olds) children discussed children s rights and participation Social capital  (1999-2000)  (12-16 year olds) Liverpool Children s Fund  meaning of community cohesion indicators for children (2005) 8-16 year olds ¡ÿÿþª óŸ¨ Active Participation in schools¡!!ÿÿþª  Ÿ FSchool councils:  that s all hype, it s not very good  it s like they re trying to make it look as though we ve got some power, but we haven t (Study 1)  the favourites get picked  the boffins ;  We get played for fools& they don t listen to me& what s the point of asking us? (Study 2) ¡$$ÿÿþª# óŸ 8 Being there : participation¡ÿÿþª Ÿ äWhat does school mean to children? Qualifications:  People do moan about school, but & they know they will learn stuff& They will have a bit of fun, and they do meet their friends But non-democratic nature of school and High expectations of teachers  Awareness of position in  hierarchy of attainment  none of the teachers really build up our confidence (Study 2) ¡sZsÿÿþªr óŸ¨Civic participation¡ÿÿþª Ÿ "Awareness of non-participation  they ask your parents&   oh yeah, mum s gonna play on the swings, in t she?! (Study 1);  they don t ask the kids  since we can t vote& they don t think we re that smart, they think parents have got all the experience  we should get a say in it  what happens does affect us as well as adults and they don t seem to think about that when they re making decisions ¡4ZZZ’ÿÿþª‘ óŸ¡ÿÿþª Ÿ î I remember, I was living in my old house, and it was & the woods, and they knocked it down to build more houses, and we didn t [want that] we used to play there and have our & tree houses, dens and things, but they didn t ask us. We tried slashing their tyres and things like that, nicking keys, and stuff but it din t work. We was young then, so... Mike (age 15) (Study 2)¡&xwÿÿþÿÿþóŸ¨ Youth forum¡ ÿÿþª  Ÿ ’Gemma: No one knows about it, if there is one Tamisha: I think there should be one, but Miranda: but they d chose the people who do all the best in school, and & they re not average people, are they? ¡ÊÊÿÿþªÉ ó9!Ÿ¨Suggestions for improvement¡ÿÿþª Ÿ ÌActivities for their age group, and for older and younger children Paths, shortcuts and roads Security, safety, and fear  I ve only seen policemen in cars, I ve never seen a bobby on the beat Resourceful, reflective commentators¡ççÿÿþªæ óŸ¨Liverpool consultation¡ÿÿþª Ÿ ÚThere had been some involvement about improvements to local area BUT Often found about things too late Some negative experiences of promises not being fulfilled New facilities will be  posh and they won t fit in  (sense of belonging) ¡îîÿÿþªì óŸ¨ Discussion¡ ÿÿþª  Ÿ ªA range of experiences  gender, age, ethnicity, location -  no single voice of childhood (Roche 1996) Young children could engage meaningfully with notions of rights and being listened to Cyp would like to have a say in decisions and to be heard, not necessarily have ultimate control Can see decision making from other s points of view ¡VVÿÿþªU óŸ¡ÿÿþª Ÿ Cyp (Project 2 & Liverpool) did not share in community life  Participation  being actively involved in decisions  was virtually non-existent Implications for democratic structures later on  a  healthy skepticism Need a holistic approach  link their experiences of  being there to willingness/capacity to  actively participate Link to adults in disempowered/deprived communities ¡„P„ÿÿþªƒ óŸ¡ÿÿþª Ÿ¨yParticipation and decision-making need to be seen as context specific: (a) depend on the question (b) characteristics of the children concerned: gender, location, social class, ethnicity, religion, experience. (c) children would like to 'have a say' (d) social model of citizenship - emphasising interconnectedness rather than autonomous rights of individuals (Cockburn 1998)¡zZzÿÿþóŸ¨Judith Ennew (2000)¡ÿÿþª Ÿ d It is not fair to expect the powerless to assume responsibility for transforming the hierarchical structures in which their lack of power is inscribed. Indeed, to do this, is to blame them for their situation, and reproduces the same inequalities in political and economic structures, while reinforcing the economic structures that produce and maintain inequalities. In this respect, participation is a kind of conjuring trick (p5).¡³³ÿÿþó Ÿ¨ Conclusions¡ ÿÿþª  Ÿ TConstructing children as simultaneously  the problem to be solved and the solution to the problem is contradictory Translation into practice and policy What blocks effective participation? Adult practices; models of childhood  how to challenge these? How to change structures and organisations? ¡&*ZZ+ÿÿþªVs L>     óŸ¨ References ª  Ÿ b Alderson, P. (1993) Children s consent to surgery. Buckingham: Open University Press. Alderson, P. (1999) Civil rights in schools. ESRC Children 5-16 Research Briefing No 1, ESRC, Swindon. Arnstein, S. (1969) Eight rungs on the latter of Citizen participation. Journal of American Institute of Planners, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 216-224. Blunkett, D. (2002) How Government can help build social capital Speech to the Performance and Innovation Unit Seminar on Social Capital 26th March 2002 by Rt. Hon. David Blunkett, Home Secretary http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/docs/piuspeech.html accessed 6/12/04 Boyden, J. and Ennew, J. (1997) Children in focus - a manual for participatory research with children. (Stockholm, Sweden: Radda Barnen). Cockburn, T. (1998) Children and citizenship in Britain. Childhood, 5, 1, 99-117. Donnelly, E. (2003) Consulting children and young people in Liverpool. Liverpool City Council. Ennew, J. (2000) How can we define citizenship in childhood? Working Paper Series, Vol 109, 12, Harvard Centre for Population and Development Studies, Harvard School of Public Health. Fitzpatrick, S., Hastings, A., and Kintrea, K. (1998) Including young people in urban regeneration: A lot to learn? Area Regeneration Series, JRF/Policy Press, Bristol. Freeman, M. (1996)  The Convention, an English perspective in M.Freeman (Ed) Children s rights. A comparative perspective Dartmouth, Aldershot. Hart, R. (1992) Children's participation: from tokensim to citizenship. Florence: International Child Development Centre, UNICEF. Hart, R. (1997) Children's participation. The theory and practice of involving young citizens in community development and environmental care. EarthScan/UNICEF London ¡*²PdY,2-åF^ $1,+²>…,'6L}ª½l £A g¶N†¿ xÚ òó 0ßUó Ÿª Ÿ ¼ Home Office (2002) Building cohesive communities: a report of the ministerial group on public order and community cohesion London TSO www.homeoffice.gov.uk/comrace/cohesion Hylton, C. (1995) Coping with change. Family transitions in multi-cultural communities. London, National Stepfamily Association. Kirby P, Lanyon, C., Cronin, K., and Sinclair, R. (2003) Building a culture of participation: involving children and young people in policy, service planning, delivery and evaluation. Research Report. DfES, London Lansdown, G., & Newell, P. (Eds) (1994) UK Agenda for Children. Children s Rights Development Unit, London. Matthews, H., Limb, M., Harrison, L., & Taylor, M. (1998)  Local places and the political engagement of young people: youth councils as participatory structures in Youth & Policy, 62, p16-30. Morrow V (1998a) Understanding families: children's perspectives JRF/National Children's Bureau, London Morrow, V. (1998b)  If you were a teacher, it would be harder to talk to you : reflections on qualitative research with children in school. International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory and Practice 1, 4, 297-313. Morrow, V. (1999a)  Conceptualising social capital in relation to the well-being of children and young people: a critical review In The Sociological Review Vol. 47, No 4, pp. 744 765. Morrow, V. (1999b)  We are people too . Children s perspectives on rights and decision-making in England. International Journal of Children s Rights 7, 3, 149 170. Morrow V (2001a) Networks and neighbourhoods: children's and young people's perspectives. Health Development Agency, London. ¡_Ph 9Dd‘5Ó/´J•‹*!H%ªt†&…º ;òó 0߆¬ó$Ÿª Ÿ rMorrow, V. (2001b) Using qualitative methods to elicit young people s perspectives on their environments: some ideas for community health initiatives. Health Education Research: Theory and Practice, Vol 16, No 3, 255-268. Neighbourhood Renewal Unit (?2003) Renewal.net Toolkit: How to build social capital. http://www/renewal.net/ Office of National Statistics, (n.d.) http://www.statistics.gov.uk/socialcapital/ website, accessed 6/12/04. Putnam, R.D. (1993) Making democracy work. Civic traditions in modern Italy Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Roche, J. (1996) The politics of children s rights, in J.Brannen & M.O Brien (eds) Children in families. Research and policy. London: Falmer Press. Zakus, J.D.L. & Lysack, C.L. (1998) Revisiting community participation. Health Policy and Planning, 13, 1, 1-12. ¡„:P˜0:0œ8)aªîÈ7 ' !#Ë  5  ]òó 0ß4Kòó 0ßsž/ðÜó&ó(ó)ó*ó+ó,ó.ó/ó0ó1 ó2 ó3 ó4 ó5 ó6ó7ó8êøb7ï  0`ð fÿÿÿlÌÌÿ™ÌfÌ™™ÿ3ÌÌ`ð ™ÿÿÿ€ÿÿÿ3fÿ{FІÑìEÉ„`ð OYÿÿÿ?HsÌìÿ™ÌL„p™Ì–¤È`ð €€ÿÿÿnkâïÍ3ÌÌcR¸Ìÿÿ™Ìÿ`ð Td4ÿÿÿHV,ÿÿÌ{ŠnR|:Uµ^…³±`ð ¥½¬ÿÿÿ–²žÿÿÌNˆ€/q¹ÀçTʉ`ð Ì™ÿÿÿԜν@Ìf€€ÿ™ÿÿ™`ð ™úùæˆêÜxÿf¸mR×Ƴ~`ð ÿÿÿÝÝÝæõö¥á¨[¶4˜Ž£>ÿý?" dd@ÿÿïÿÿÿÿÿÿ,£¤ÿý?lZdØ@ÿÿïÿÿÿÿÿÿ þ dÔ þlZÐ@þ dð`þlZ€ £nÿý?" dÿd@ÿÿïÿÿÿÿÿÿ   @@``€€P£T $   @ ` €`£0p£>€£> ð1ðè1ðð..|ðn1ð( ð ð|ðB,ðT ð€ß ð| ðˆ"ñ¿ð€ßð ð| c ðÔBlCÉ DEÁ FÁ*€ƒð¢‹¦ÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿy  Ý ºlÉ là y y @¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð ~Õ ð ð| c ðÔB×C« DEÁ FÁ*€ƒð›‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ[ ²¯ ú׫ ×¥ [ ²[ ²@¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð•~« ð ð| c ðÄBÊCÀDEÁFÁ"€ƒðÁ‹¦ÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿœÊÀÊœœ@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ði Æ(ð ð| c ðÄBºCBDEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹¦ÿŒŽ—Áœ@¿ÿ ˆðÿºBº<0ºBºB@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðÆù ~:ðä ð| Ó ðŽ0e‚˜²ƒ0e„˜²…‡ˆ‰¿  ô   ?BµCIDEÁFÁ"€ƒðÑ„… †Á‡Áˆ‰Š‹¦ÿŒŽ‘’“”•–—Á˜™š›œ @¿ÀÁà ÄÅÁÆÁÇÈÉÊË5%ÌÍÎÏÁÒÓÔÕ×ÿ€€€ËËË 8c8c     ?€‚ƒœ1„…ðù†‡÷ˆ ¿ÀÁÂdÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊ0uËÐÌ0íìÿÍ@T‰Î€Ï€ÿÿÐyÿÑ2Ò NÓPÃÔÕ'Öp”×°<ÿÿØÙ'Úp”ÿ A¨)BCD|¾E„|¾…†|¾‡ˆðÿIµMµkII@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€S"ñ‘’¿‚†ðް×ðÌ ð| Ó ðŽBÏCeDEÁFÁ"€¿ÿ ˆðÿÏ0ÏeÏ0Ï0@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð°v~ÛðÄ ð | Ó ð†B]CÆDEÁFÁ€¿ÿ ˆðÿ]œÆ]] @¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð#ç~­ð  ð | c ðÌB'C\DEÁFÁ&€ƒð¹‹¦ÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ\7\'*'\\@¬¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðƒ#ßðÌ ð | Ó ðŽBÕ CDEÁFÁ"€¿ÿ ˆðÿ†Õ ÌÔ††@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð1Ëßð ð | c ðÄB}CzDEÁFÁ"€ƒð÷‹¦ÿŒdŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ}~}®z}~}~@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð~—ðÄ ð | Ó ð†BÙCðDEÁFÁ€¿ÿ ˆðÿÙðÙðÙð @¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð¦O ~? ð ð| c ðÄB«CˆDEÁFÁ"€ƒð‹‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿH«ˆ«‚HH@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðΦU ð ð| c ðÄBÙC>DEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹¦ÿŒdŽ—Áœ@¿ÿ ˆðÿÙ>Ù86Ù>Ù>@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð¦é ~' ð ð| c ðÄB«CŒDEÁFÁ"€ƒðª‹¦ÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿŒ«Œ«VŒŒ@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð”¦ ð ð| c ðÄB[ C§ DEÁFÁ"€ƒð²‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿI § [ f@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðöM¥ ð ð| c ðÄBCC+DEÁFÁ"€ƒðð‹yÿŒdŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿC+CC+C+@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð;Ž ~¹ ðÌ ð| Ó ðŽBCODEÁFÁ"€¿ÿ ˆðÿO­`ZOO@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðe ~k ð ð| c ðÄB2 Cx DEÁFÁ"€ƒðv‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿÒ x 2  @¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð– Åv ðÄ ð| Ó ð†B„C„DEÁFÁ€ÿ™™¿ÿ ˆðÿ„„„„„„ @¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðúæ ~j ð ð| c ðÄBÕ Cè DEÁFÁ"€ƒðƒ‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿÕ è Õ è B@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð( úæ ðä ð| Ó ðŽ0e‚˜²ƒ0e„˜²…‡ˆ‰¿  ô   ?B˜C² DEÁFÁ"€ƒðÉ„… †Á‡Áˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—Á˜™š›œ @¿ÀÁà ÄÅÁÆÁÇÈÉÊË5%ÌÍÎÏÁÒÓÔÕ×ÿ€€€ËËË 8c8c     ?€‚ƒœ1„…ðù†‡÷ˆ ¿ÀÁÂdÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊ0uËÐÌ0íìÿÍ@T‰Î€Ï€ÿÿÐyÿÑ2Ò NÓPÃÔÕ'Öp”×°<ÿÿØÙ'Úp”ÿ A¨)BCD|¾E„|¾…†|¾‡ˆðÿŒ² ˜¬ =@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€S"ñ‘’¿‚†ð  6° ð ð| c ðÄBTC`DEÁFÁ"€ƒðè‹yÿŒdŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿT`TZ T`T`@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð*ª ~ ðÌ ð| Ó ðŽB›CDEÁFÁ"€¿ÿ ˆðÿ››ÌMÀ››@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðãR~Vð ð| c ðÄB>CDEÁFÁ"€ƒðª‹ŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿñ>Sû@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðó0ð ð| c ðÄBUCDEÁFÁ"€ƒð²‹ŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿU@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð#xðÌ ð| Ó ðŽB<C8DEÁFÁ"€¿ÿ ˆðÿ<8<6@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðB~Äð ð| c ðÄBlCHDEÁFÁ"€ƒð¢‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿslHl*ss@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðAz‰ ðÄ ð| Ó ð†BCDEÁFÁ€ÿ¿ÿ ˆðÿ @¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðz› €¡ ð ð| c ðÄBlC9DEÁFÁ"€ƒð›‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿnl9l3nn@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðhz¡ ð ð | c ðÄBlCžDEÁFÁ"€ƒðØ‹¦ÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ0lžl’00@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ði zð ð!| c ðÄB`Ci DEÁFÁ"€ƒð|‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ`i `Q }@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðzi ð ð"| c ðÄB| C6 DEÁFÁ"€ƒðØ‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ| 6 | 0 B@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðù z6 ð  ð#| c ðÌBC  DEÁFÁ&€ƒðÉ‹ŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿå  ÈÈåå@¬¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðnz  ð ð$| c ðÄBÐCDEÁFÁ"€ƒð“‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿÐÐö*@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð§zð ð%| c ðÄB"CDEÁFÁ"€ƒð¹‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ""Š6@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðVzð ð&| c ðÄBCÏDEÁFÁ"€ƒðÉ‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ™*Ï™™@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðuzÏðˆð\ ð`~¢  ð'| ðˆ"ñ¿ð`~¢ ð  ð(| c ðÌBKC!DEÁFÁ&€ƒð¹‹¦ÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿn3!?ÓK‹@¬¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð`V ð  ð)| c ðÌB9C·DEÁFÁ&€ƒð苦ÿŒdŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ9™ H–9·9™9™@¬¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð>ë ~¢ ðà ð*| “ ð6€,؇ƒ¿Àÿ "ñ¿ð¯ `ðà Ø ðTŸ¨ Click to edit Master title style¢!ª !ð$ ð+| ƒ ð0€d؃¿Àÿ "ñ¿ðð `ðà Ø 𞟨RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level¢!    ª Sðì ð,| “ ð6€Ä%؇ƒ¿Àÿ #"ñ ¿`¿ð] `}ðà Ø ðZŸ *¡ øªðî ð-| “ ð6€žØ‡ƒ¿Àÿ #"ñ ¿`¿ð`°Ð€ðà  Ø ð\Ÿ *¡ úªðî ð.| “ ð6€L©Ø‡ƒ¿Àÿ #"ñ ¿`¿ð] `}ðà Ø ð\Ÿ *¡ تðZ ð| ³ ðB€ƒð“‹yÿ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½hœ @¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ€ÿÿÿ3fÿ{FІÑìEÉ„ˆ<Š0º___PPT10‹ë.ª Àò,/Šüº___PPT9‹Þ­B€€€p­B€€€€­B€€€ ºBeamî92ï € 0 ©1ð¡1ð..€ð'1ð( ð ð€ðB,ðT ð€ß ð€ ðˆ"ñ¿ð€ßð ð€ c ðÔBlCÉ DEÁ FÁ*€ƒð¢‹¦ÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿy  Ý ºlÉ là y y @¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð ~Õ ð ð€ c ðÔB×C« DEÁ FÁ*€ƒð›‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ[ ²¯ ú׫ ×¥ [ ²[ ²@¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð•~« ð ð€ c ðÄBÊCÀDEÁFÁ"€ƒðÁ‹¦ÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿœÊÀÊœœ@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ði Æ(ð ð€ c ðÄBºCBDEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹¦ÿŒŽ—Áœ@¿ÿ ˆðÿºBº<0ºBºB@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðÆù ~:ðä ð€ Ó ðŽ0e‚˜²ƒ0e„˜²…‡ˆ‰¿  ô   ?BµCIDEÁFÁ"€ƒðÑ„… †Á‡Áˆ‰Š‹¦ÿŒŽ‘’“”•–—Á˜™š›œ @¿ÀÁà ÄÅÁÆÁÇÈÉÊË5%ÌÍÎÏÁÒÓÔÕ×ÿ€€€ËËË 8c8c     ?€‚ƒœ1„…ðù†‡÷ˆ ¿ÀÁÂdÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊ0uËÐÌ0íìÿÍ@T‰Î€Ï€ÿÿÐyÿÑ2Ò NÓPÃÔÕ'Öp”×°<ÿÿØÙ'Úp”ÿ A¨)BCD|¾E„|¾…†|¾‡ˆðÿIµMµkII@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€S"ñ‘’¿‚†ðް×ðÌ ð€ Ó ðŽBÏCeDEÁFÁ"€¿ÿ ˆðÿÏ0ÏeÏ0Ï0@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð°v~ÛðÄ ð € Ó ð†B]CÆDEÁFÁ€¿ÿ ˆðÿ]œÆ]] @¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð#ç~­ð  ð € c ðÌB'C\DEÁFÁ&€ƒð¹‹¦ÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ\7\'*'\\@¬¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðƒ#ßðÌ ð € Ó ðŽBÕ CDEÁFÁ"€¿ÿ ˆðÿ†Õ ÌÔ††@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð1Ëßð ð € c ðÄB}CzDEÁFÁ"€ƒð÷‹¦ÿŒdŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ}~}®z}~}~@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð~—ðÄ ð € Ó ð†BÙCðDEÁFÁ€¿ÿ ˆðÿÙðÙðÙð @¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð¦O ~? ð ð€ c ðÄB«CˆDEÁFÁ"€ƒð‹‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿH«ˆ«‚HH@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðΦU ð ð€ c ðÄBÙC>DEÁFÁ"€ƒ‹¦ÿŒdŽ—Áœ@¿ÿ ˆðÿÙ>Ù86Ù>Ù>@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð¦é ~' ð ð€ c ðÄB«CŒDEÁFÁ"€ƒðª‹¦ÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿŒ«Œ«VŒŒ@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð”¦ ð ð€ c ðÄB[ C§ DEÁFÁ"€ƒð²‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿI § [ f@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðöM¥ ð ð€ c ðÄBCC+DEÁFÁ"€ƒðð‹yÿŒdŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿC+CC+C+@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð;Ž ~¹ ðÌ ð€ Ó ðŽBCODEÁFÁ"€¿ÿ ˆðÿO­`ZOO@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðe ~k ð ð€ c ðÄB2 Cx DEÁFÁ"€ƒðv‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿÒ x 2  @¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð– Åv ðÄ ð€ Ó ð†B„C„DEÁFÁ€ÿ™™¿ÿ ˆðÿ„„„„„„ @¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðúæ ~j ð ð€ c ðÄBÕ Cè DEÁFÁ"€ƒðƒ‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿÕ è Õ è B@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð( úæ ðä ð€ Ó ðŽ0e‚˜²ƒ0e„˜²…‡ˆ‰¿  ô   ?B˜C² DEÁFÁ"€ƒðÉ„… †Á‡Áˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—Á˜™š›œ @¿ÀÁà ÄÅÁÆÁÇÈÉÊË5%ÌÍÎÏÁÒÓÔÕ×ÿ€€€ËËË 8c8c     ?€‚ƒœ1„…ðù†‡÷ˆ ¿ÀÁÂdÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊ0uËÐÌ0íìÿÍ@T‰Î€Ï€ÿÿÐyÿÑ2Ò NÓPÃÔÕ'Öp”×°<ÿÿØÙ'Úp”ÿ A¨)BCD|¾E„|¾…†|¾‡ˆðÿŒ² ˜¬ =@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€S"ñ‘’¿‚†ð  6° ð ð€ c ðÄBTC`DEÁFÁ"€ƒðè‹yÿŒdŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿT`TZ T`T`@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð*ª ~ ðÌ ð€ Ó ðŽB›CDEÁFÁ"€¿ÿ ˆðÿ››ÌMÀ››@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðãR~Vð ð€ c ðÄB>CDEÁFÁ"€ƒðª‹ŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿñ>Sû@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðó0ð ð€ c ðÄBUCDEÁFÁ"€ƒð²‹ŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿU@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð#xðÌ ð€ Ó ðŽB<C8DEÁFÁ"€¿ÿ ˆðÿ<8<6@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðB~Äð ð€ c ðÄBlCHDEÁFÁ"€ƒð¢‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿslHl*ss@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðAz‰ ðÄ ð€ Ó ð†BCDEÁFÁ€ÿ¿ÿ ˆðÿ @¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðz› €¡ ð ð€ c ðÄBlC9DEÁFÁ"€ƒð›‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿnl9l3nn@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðhz¡ ð ð € c ðÄBlCžDEÁFÁ"€ƒðØ‹¦ÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ0lžl’00@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ði zð ð!€ c ðÄB`Ci DEÁFÁ"€ƒð|‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ`i `Q }@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðzi ð ð"€ c ðÄB| C6 DEÁFÁ"€ƒðØ‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ| 6 | 0 B@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðù z6 ð  ð#€ c ðÌBC  DEÁFÁ&€ƒðÉ‹ŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿå  ÈÈåå@¬¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðnz  ð ð$€ c ðÄBÐCDEÁFÁ"€ƒð“‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿÐÐö*@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð§zð ð%€ c ðÄB"CDEÁFÁ"€ƒð¹‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ""Š6@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðVzð ð&€ c ðÄBCÏDEÁFÁ"€ƒðÉ‹yÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ™*Ï™™@¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ðuzÏðˆð\ ð`~¢  ð'€ ðˆ"ñ¿ð`~¢ ð  ð(€ c ðÌBKC!DEÁFÁ&€ƒð¹‹¦ÿŒŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿn3!?ÓK‹@¬¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð`V ð  ð)€ c ðÌB9C·DEÁFÁ&€ƒð苦ÿŒdŽ—Áœ @¿ÿ ˆðÿ9™ H–9·9™9™@¬¬¬¬¬¬¬`€"ñ¿ð>ë ~¢ ðà ð*€ “ ð6€‡Ø‡ƒ¿Àÿ "ñ¿ðð `pðà Ø ðTŸ¨ Click to edit Master title style¢!ª !ðÝ ð+€ ƒ ð0€È)у¿Àÿ "ñ¿ð ` à ðà Ø ðWŸ¨#Click to edit Master subtitle style¢$ª $ðì ð,€ “ ð6€ ØÑ‡ƒ¿Àÿ #"ñ ¿`¿ð] `}ðà Ñ ðZŸ *¡ øªðî ð-€ “ ð6€Lêчƒ¿Àÿ #"ñ ¿`¿ð`°Ð€ðà  Ñ ð\Ÿ *¡ úªðî ð.€ “ ð6€T\чƒ¿Àÿ #"ñ ¿`¿ð] `}ðà Ñ ð\Ÿ *¡ تðZ ð€ ³ ðB€ƒð“‹yÿ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½hœ @¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ€ÿÿÿ3fÿ{FІÑìEÉ„ˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.ª Àò,/ðúñ€ 0 zðrÀð¸ð ð( ð ð¸ðÈ ð¸ ƒ ð0€Ho7ƒ¿Àÿ ðP ðà  7 ðPŸ *¡ ùª ðÊ ð¸ ƒ ð0€Œ 7ƒ¿Àÿ ð ß ðà 7 ðRŸ *¡ øª ðd ð¸ c ð$‡¿ÿ ?ð°Ð ðà 7ð 𸠃 ð0€ 7ƒ¿Àÿ ð° °0Ððà 7 𞟨RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level¢!    ª SðΠ𸠓 ð6€ ž7‡ƒ¿Àÿ ð_Pðà  7 ðPŸ *¡ úª ðР𸠓 ð6€d¢7‡ƒ¿Àÿ ð_ ßðà 7 ðRŸ *¡ ت ðH 𸠃 ð0ƒ“Þ½h”ŽŸ‹¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.{ÆðËcÍÉ€ ð0ðˆð ð( ð ðˆðÐ ðˆ ƒ ð0€N ƒ¿Àÿ ðP ðà    ðXŸ *¡ ùªðÒ ðˆ ƒ ð0€Èáoƒ¿Àÿ ð ß ðà   ðZŸ *¡ øªðÖ ðˆ “ ð6€$âo‡ƒ¿Àÿ ð_Pðà    ðXŸ *¡ úªðØ ðˆ “ ð6€üêo‡ƒ¿Àÿ ð_ ßðà o ðZŸ *¡ تðH ðˆ ƒ ð0ƒ“Þ½h”ŽŸ‹¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.·jÆ€Q7î_ ï€ 0ù¿L0 Æð¾ ððVð( ð ðð¤ ð c ð$€Pé7¿ÿ*€ðð `pð<$ñ 0à 7 ð žðr ð S ð€Ø†7¿ÿ+€ð ` à ðà 7 ð žðH ð ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ)Š!º___PPT10‹ê.ë.«jÆ`}_¨+íÛ¥†Dñ‘'ñ רÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ DñL'ñ –ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñƒ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ 'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñ³'ñ =ñABñ Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ+8+0+0 +îqï € 0ù¿L0 øððÀð0ðˆð( ð ð0ð¤ ð0 c ð$€øÆØ¿ÿ*|ð¯ `ð<$ñ 0à  Ø ð žð¤ ð0 c ð$€¼ÇØ¿ÿ+|ðð `ð<$ñ 0à Ø ð žðH ð0 ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ Šº___PPT10‹áê.ë.®jÆàý×+‘ëË Dñ9'ñ TÑÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ Dñô'ñ –ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñƒ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ 'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñ³'ñ =ñABñ Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*0ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*0ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*0ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*0ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*0Y%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*0YDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*0YDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*0YDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*0Yv%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*0YvDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*0YvDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*0YvDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*0vÑ%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*0vÑDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*0vÑDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*0vÑDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*0ÑÝ%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*0ÑÝDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*0ÑÝDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*0ÑÝ+p+0+00 ++0+00 +î)ï € 0ù¿L0 ðüðÈð”ð( ð ðÈðª ðÈ s ð*€HO¿ÿ*|ˆð¯ `ð<$ñ 0à  O ð žðª ðÈ s ð*€HO¿ÿ+|ˆðð `ð<$ñ 0à O ð žðH ðÈ ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™ÌˆµŠ­º___PPT10‹ê.ë.¯jÆ€ö´+‘ëË Dñå'ñ !Oÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ Dñ 'ñ –ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñƒ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ 'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñ³'ñ =ñABñ Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*Èÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*ÈÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*ÈÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*ÈÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*ÈB%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*ÈBDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*ÈBDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*ÈBDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*ÈB6%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*ÈB6Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*ÈB6Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*ÈB6+p+0+È0 ++0+È0 +îÿï € 0ù¿L0 ðü@ðØð”ð( ð ðØðª ðØ s ð*€H™O¿ÿ*|ˆð¯ `ð<$ñ 0à  O ð žðª ðØ s ð*€ˆ›O¿ÿ+|ˆðð `ð<$ñ 0à O ð žðH ðØ ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ‹ Šƒ º___PPT10‹c ê.ë.¯jÆ` ß^+‘ëË Dñ» 'ñ Oÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ Dñv 'ñ –ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñƒ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ 'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñ³'ñ =ñABñ Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*Øÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*ØÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*ØÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*ØÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*Ø/%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*Ø/Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*Ø/Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*Ø/+p+0+Ø0 ++0+Ø0 +îqï € 0ù¿L0 øðð0ð ðˆð( ð ð ð¤ ð c ð$€HpO¿ÿ*|ð¯ `ð<$ñ 0à  O ð žð¤ ð c ð$€ðpO¿ÿ+|ðð `ð<$ñ 0à O ð žðH ð ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ Šº___PPT10‹áê.ë.«jÆ*¬+‘ëË Dñ9'ñ £Oÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ Dñô'ñ –ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñƒ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ 'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñ³'ñ =ñABñ Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû* ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû* E%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû* EDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû* EDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû* EDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû* E†%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû* E†Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû* E†Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû* E†Dñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû* †Ç%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû* †ÇDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû* †ÇDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû* †ÇDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû* Çm%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû* ÇmDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû* ÇmDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû* Çm+p+0+ 0 ++0+ 0 +îGï € 0ù¿L0 øðð°ð,ðˆð( ð ð,ð¤ ð, c ð$€ÔVO¿ÿ*|ð¯ `ð<$ñ 0à  O ð žð¤ ð, c ð$€ÔWO¿ÿ+|ðð `ð<$ñ 0à O ð žðH ð, ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™ÌˆßŠ×º___PPT10‹·ê.ë.®jÆ0Ü+‘ëË Dñ'ñ ZOÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ DñÊ'ñ –ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñƒ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ 'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñ³'ñ =ñABñ Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*,ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*,E%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*,EDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*,EDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*,EDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*,E{%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*,E{Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*,E{Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*,E{Dñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*,{%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*,{Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*,{Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*,{+p+0+,0 ++0+,0 +î)ï € 0ù¿L0 ðüPðð”ð( ð ððª ð s ð*€èùO¿ÿ*|ˆð¯ `ð<$ñ 0à  O ð žðª ð s ð*€èúO¿ÿ+|ˆðð `ð<$ñ 0à O ð žðH ð ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ3fÌÿÿ3f̰fÌÿÿçˆµŠ­º___PPT10‹ê.ë.Ä6Åàšè+‘ëË Dñå'ñ üOÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ Dñ 'ñ –ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñƒ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ 'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñ³'ñ =ñABñ Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*C%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*CDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*CDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*CDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*DÚ%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*DÚDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*DÚDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*DÚ+p+0+0 ++0+0 +îqï € 0ù¿L0 øððð@ðˆð( ð ð@ð¤ ð@ c ð$€8?O¿ÿ*|ð¯ `ð<$ñ 0à  O ð žð¤ ð@ c ð$€8@O¿ÿ+|ðð `ð<$ñ 0à O ð žðH ð@ ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ Šº___PPT10‹áê.ë.¯jÆ`Øž+‘ëË Dñ9'ñ BOÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ Dñô'ñ –ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñƒ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ 'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñ³'ñ =ñABñ Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*@ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*@ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*@ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*@ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*@%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*@Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*@Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*@Dñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*@W%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*@WDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*@WDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*@WDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*@W~%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*@W~Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*@W~Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*@W~Dñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*@~ %ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*@~ Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*@~ Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*@~ +p+0+@0 ++0+@0 +îGï € 0ù¿L0 øðð`ððˆð( ð ðð¤ ð c ð$€P´O¿ÿ*|ð¯ `ð<$ñ 0à  O ð žð¤ ð c ð$€PµO¿ÿ+|ðð `ð<$ñ 0à O ð žðH ð ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™ÌˆßŠ×º___PPT10‹·ê.ë.¬jÆhEc+‘ëË Dñ'ñ ºOÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ DñÊ'ñ –ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñƒ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ 'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñ³'ñ =ñABñ Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*G%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*GDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*GDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*GDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*G½%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*G½Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*G½Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*G½Dñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*½}%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*½}Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*½}Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*½}+p+0+0 ++0+0 +îGï €  0ù¿L0 øðð ðHðˆð( ð ðHð¤ ðH c ð$€ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*Hÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*HÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*HÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*HÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*Hm%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*HmDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*HmDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*HmDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*HmŸ%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*HmŸDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*HmŸDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*HmŸDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*HŸ%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*HŸDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*HŸDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*HŸ+p+0+H0 ++0+H0 +îï €  0ù¿L0 øðð0ðLðˆð( ð ðLð¤ ðL c ð$€¤°O¿ÿ*|ð¯ `ð<$ñ 0à  O ð žð¤ ðL c ð$€¤±O¿ÿ+|ðð `ð<$ñ 0à O ð žðH ðL ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™ÌˆµŠ­º___PPT10‹ê.ë.²jÆð å++‘ëË Dñå'ñ ñOÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ Dñ 'ñ –ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñƒ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ 'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñ³'ñ =ñABñ Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*Lÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*LÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*LÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*LÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*L›%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*L›Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*L›Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*L›Dñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*L›#%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*L›#Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*L›#Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*L›#+p+0+L0 ++0+L0 +îï-ï €  0ù¿L0 øðð@ðPðˆð( ð ðPð¤ ðP c ð$€ˆŽO¿ÿ*|ð¯ `ð<$ñ 0à  O ð žð¤ ðP c ð$€kO¿ÿ+|ð'g(ð<$ñ 0à O ð žðH ðP ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ‡+Š+º___PPT10‹_+ê.ë.³jÆ–ò +‘ëË Dñ·*'ñ lOÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ Dñr*'ñ –ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñƒ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ 'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñ³'ñ =ñABñ Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*Pÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*PÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*PÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*PÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*P$%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*P$Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*P$Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*P$Dñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*P$y%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*P$yDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*P$yDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*P$yDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*Py·%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*Py·Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*Py·Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*Py·Dñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*P·ß%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*P·ßDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*P·ßDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*P·ßDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*Pß%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*PßDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*PßDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*PßDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*P2%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*P2Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*P2Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*P2Dñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*P2r%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*P2rDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*P2rDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*P2r+p+0+P0 ++0+P0 +îGï €  0ù¿L0 øððPðTðˆð( ð ðTð¤ ðT c ð$€ŒšO¿ÿ*|ð¯ `ð<$ñ 0à  O ð žð¤ ðT c ð$€|mO¿ÿ+|ðð `ð<$ñ 0à O ð žðH ðT ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™ÌˆßŠ×º___PPT10‹·ê.ë.³jÆìü+‘ëË Dñ'ñ oOÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ DñÊ'ñ –ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñƒ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ 'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñ³'ñ =ñABñ Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*Tÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*TÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*TÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*TÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*Tz%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*TzDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*TzDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*TzDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*Tzþ%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*TzþDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*TzþDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*TzþDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*Tþ%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*TþDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*TþDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*Tþ+p+0+T0 ++0+T0 +îï €  0ù¿L0 ðüpð\ð”ð( ð ð\ðª ð\ s ð*€Ü`O¿ÿ*|ˆð¯ `ð<$ñ 0à  O ð žðª ð\ s ð*€ŒèO¿ÿ+|ˆðð `ð<$ñ 0à O ð žðH ð\ ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€Ì™33ÌÌÌÿ²²²ˆ¥ Š º___PPT10‹} ê.+‘ëË Dñå 'ñ Oÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ Dñ  'ñ –ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñ­'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ5'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñÝ'ñ =ñKBñ Bñ°Bñ@BñPBñ0Bñ%ñ(ñ/%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*\ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*\ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*\ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*\ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*\x%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*\xDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*\xDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*\x+p+0+\0 ++0+\0 +îGï € 0ù¿L0 øðð€ð`ðˆð( ð ð`ð¤ ð` c ð$€`6™¿ÿ*|ð¯ `ð<$ñ 0à  ™ ð žð¤ ð` c ð$€7™¿ÿ+|ðð `ð<$ñ 0à ™ ð žðH ð` ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™ÌˆßŠ×º___PPT10‹·ê.ë.´jÆ >e+‘ëË Dñ'ñ 9™ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ DñÊ'ñ –ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñƒ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ 'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñ³'ñ =ñABñ Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*`ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*`ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*`ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*`ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*`.%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*`.Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*`.Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*`.Dñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*`.X%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*`.XDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*`.XDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*`.XDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*`XÈ%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*`XÈDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*`XÈDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*`XÈ+p+0+`0 ++0+`0 +î$ï € 0 ”ðŒðð$ð( ð ððr ð S ð€Ø1™¿ÿ*|ð¯ `ðà  ™ ð žðr ð S ð€°2™¿ÿ+|ðð `ðà ™ ð žðH ð ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ€ÿÿÿ3fÿ{FІÑìEÉ„ˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.E{Æ ¥½îqï € 0ù¿L0 øðððdðˆð( ð ðdð¤ ðd c ð$€@l™¿ÿ*|ð¯ `ð<$ñ 0à  ™ ð žð¤ ðd c ð$€@m™¿ÿ+|ðð `ð<$ñ 0à ™ ð žðH ðd ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ Šº___PPT10‹áê.ë.´jÆàa/»+‘ëË Dñ9'ñ o™ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ Dñô'ñ –ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñƒ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ 'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñ³'ñ =ñABñ Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*dÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*dÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*dÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*dÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*dE%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*dEDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*dEDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*dEDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*dEg%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*dEgDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*dEgDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*dEgDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*dg¢%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*dg¢Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*dg¢Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*dg¢Dñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*d¢í%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*d¢íDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*d¢íDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*d¢í+p+0+d0 ++0+d0 +îqï € 0ù¿L0 øðð ðhðˆð( ð ðhð¤ ðh c ð$€z™¿ÿ*|ð¯ `ð<$ñ 0à  ™ ð žð¤ ðh c ð$€€5™¿ÿ+|ðð `ð<$ñ 0à ™ ð žðH ðh ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ Šº___PPT10‹áê.ë.´jÆ€¶ò+‘ëË Dñ9'ñ ™ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ Dñô'ñ –ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñƒ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ 'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñ³'ñ =ñABñ Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*hÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*hÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*hÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*hÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*hi%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*hiDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*hiDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*hiDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*hi¿%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*hi¿Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*hi¿Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*hi¿Dñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*h¿ %ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*h¿ Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*h¿ Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*h¿ Dñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*h T%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*h TDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*h TDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*h T+p+0+h0 ++0+h0 +îÅ#ï € 0ù¿L0 øðð°ðlðˆð( ð ðlð¤ ðl c ð$€ðI™¿ÿ*|ð¯ `ð<$ñ 0à  ™ ð žð¤ ðl c ð$€$Ÿ™¿ÿ+|ðð `ð<$ñ 0à ™ ð žðH ðl ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ]!ŠU!º___PPT10‹5!ê.ë.µjÆPtxg+‘ëË Dñ 'ñ ›™ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ DñH 'ñ –ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñ­'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ5'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñÝ'ñ =ñKBñ Bñ°Bñ@BñPBñ0Bñ%ñ(ñ/%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*lÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*lÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*lÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*lÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*l?%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*l?Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*l?Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*l?Dñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*l?‘%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*l?‘Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*l?‘Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*l?‘Dñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*l‘Ú%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*l‘ÚDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*l‘ÚDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*l‘ÚDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*lÚO%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*lÚODñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*lÚODñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*lÚODñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*lO„%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*lO„Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*lO„Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*lO„+p+0+l0 ++0+l0 +îÑ#ï € 0ù¿L0 ðüÐðtð”ð( ð ðtðª ðt s ð*€´8o¿ÿ*|ˆð¯ `ð<$ñ 0à  o ð žðª ðt s ð*€ 9o¿ÿ+|ˆðð `ð<$ñ 0à o ð žðH ðt ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ]!ŠU!º___PPT10‹5!ê.ë.¬jÆ`Ò)º+‘ëË Dñ 'ñ ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*tÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*tÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*tÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*tÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*tH%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*tHDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*tHDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*tHDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*tHc%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*tHcDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*tHcDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*tHcDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*tcÓ%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*tcÓDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*tcÓDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*tcÓDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*tÓü%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*tÓüDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*tÓüDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*tÓüDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*tüz%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*tüzDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*tüzDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*tüz+p+0+t0 ++0+t0 +îóï € 0ù¿L0 øððÀðpðˆð( ð ðpð¤ ðp c ð$€ÔNo¿ÿ*|ð¯ `ð<$ñ 0à  o ð žð¤ ðp c ð$€ÔOo¿ÿ+|ðð `ð<$ñ 0à o ð žðH ðp ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ‹ Šƒ º___PPT10‹c ê.ë.¶jÆÙ­I+‘ëË Dñ» 'ñ Roÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ Dñv 'ñ –ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñƒ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ 'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñ³'ñ =ñABñ Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*pÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*pÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*pÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*pÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*p³%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*p³Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*p³Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*p³+p+0+p0 ++0+p0 +î›#ï € 0ù¿L0 øðð ð(ðˆð( ð ð(ð¤ ð( c ð$€Xo¿ÿ*|ð¯ `ð<$ñ 0à  o ð žð¤ ð( c ð$€Do¿ÿ+|ðð `ð<$ñ 0à o ð žðH ð( ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ3!Š+!º___PPT10‹ !ê.ë.¬jÆñ=á+‘ëË Dñc 'ñ Woÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ Dñ 'ñ –ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @BñAñ?%ñ,(ñ <ñ +O%ñ,(ñ <ñ +Dñƒ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ 'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñ³'ñ =ñABñ Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*(ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ%ñ(ñDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñß4ñ 8?ñbCñBñ#ppt_x-.2BñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*(ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ'ñ è=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_yBñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*(ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñâ'ñ è=ñ-ñª6ñBñwipe(right)*ñq3ñ=ñ-Bñ%gradientSize: 0.1<ñû*(ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*(t%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*(tDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*(tDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*(tDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*(tš%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*(tšDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*(tšDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*(tšDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*(š¿%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*(š¿Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*(š¿Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*(š¿Dñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*(¿þ%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*(¿þDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*(¿þDñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*(¿þDñ"'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñÿÿÿÿDñÊ'ñ =ñ%ñ(ñDñr'ñ =ñABñ, Bñ°Bñ@Bñ0Bñ%ñ(ñDñø'ñ =ñ1ñ :ñBñvisible*ño3ñ>ñ+Bñ#style.visibility<ñû*(þ*%ñ(ñDñŸ'ñ ô=ñ-ñg6ñBñ fade*ñ<3ñ<ñû*(þ*Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñÙ4ñ 8?ñ\CñBñ#ppt_xBñCñèBñ#ppt_xBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_x<ñû*(þ*Dñ'ñ ô=ñ+ñá4ñ 8?ñdCñBñ#ppt_y+.05BñCñèBñ#ppt_yBñ*ñY3ñ>ñBñ ppt_y<ñû*(þ*+p+0+(0 ++0+(0 +î$ï € 0 ”ðŒ@ðð$ð( ð ððr ð S ð€èho¿ÿ*|ð¯ `ðà  o ð žðr ð S ð€\lo¿ÿ+|ðð `ðà o ð žðH ð ƒ ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ€ÿÿÿ3fÿ{FІÑìEÉ„ˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.pÆ0'‚î$ï € 0 ”ðŒpðœð$ð( ð ðœðr ðœ S ð€ø„o¿ÿ*|ð¯ `ðà  o ð žðr ðœ S ð€ìso¿ÿ+|ðð `ðà o ð žðH 𜠃 ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ€ÿÿÿ3fÿ{FІÑìEÉ„ˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.pÆ œ¥î}ï € 0 ”ðŒ°ð¬ð$ð( ð ð¬ðr ð¬ S ð€™o¿ÿ*|ð¯ `ðà  o ð žðr ð¬ S ð€è™o¿ÿ+|ðð `ðà o ð žðH 𬠃 ð0ƒ“ŽŸ‹”Þ½h¿ÿ ?ð ™ÿÿÿ€ÿÿÿ3fÿ{FІÑìEÉ„ˆ‘Љº___PPT10‹ië.pÆpJ1Ì+Dñ='ñ  ÿÿÿÿ=ñ @Bñ +ð<ñ 0 ¼ð´Ðð¼ðLð( ð ð¼ðX ð¼ C ð¿ÿ¸ð°Ð ðà  Oð´ ð¼ S ð€pËO¿ÿ¸ð° °0Ððà  O ðNŸ¨ ¡ª  ðH ð¼ ƒ ð0ƒ“Þ½h”ŽŸ‹¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.{ÆðËcÍð,ñ  0 ¬ð¤àðÀð<ð( ð ðÀðX ðÀ C ð¿ÿ¸ð°Ð ðà  Øð¤ ðÀ S ð€§o¿ÿ¸ð° °0Ððà  o ð>Ÿ¡ª ðH ðÀ ƒ ð0ƒ“Þ½h”ŽŸ‹¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.!{Æ0J>ð ñ 0 Œð„ððÄðð( ð ðÄðX ðÄ C ð¿ÿ¸ð°Ð ðà  oð„ ðÄ S ð€ü©o¿ÿ¸ð° °0Ððà  o 🪠ðH ðÄ ƒ ð0ƒ“Þ½h”ŽŸ‹¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.!{ÆðCÎðÆ ñ 0 F ð> ðÌðÖ ð( ð ðÌðX ðÌ C ð¿ÿ¸ð°Ð ðà  oð>  ðÌ S ð€´‡¿ÿ¸ð° °0Ððà  o ðØ Ÿ ð New Labour 1997 brought about a renewed focus of attention on to social context, following Mrs Thatcher s powerfully expressed idea that there is no such thing as society, only individuals, and with this came the concept of  social capital , derived from the US political scientist Robert Putnam s 1993 work on Italy, explaining the differing rates of economic growth in the north and the south. (Not Bourdieu s more sociological, complex understanding) The then Health Education Authority (Health Promotion arm of the DoH) embraced this concept as a way of exploring social contexts, and social processes  the quality of relationships between people in specific environments could be explored by trying to research these different elements of the concept  and elsewhere  globally? The concept has become immensely and disproportionately popular in everything ranging from World Bank policy making to research about sex and pizzas. In the UK context, the Neighbourhood renewal Unit picked it up, and then following the disturbances or  riots in Burnley, Oldham and Bradford in 2001, the Cantle Enquiry focused on the related concept of  community cohesion which has resulted in local authorities being required to  measure community cohesion. What does cc mean? ¡ùùª°  Q  3   m  ´   O  Õ ðH ðÌ ƒ ð0ƒ“Þ½h”ŽŸ‹¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë."{Æà]Eðxñ  0 øðð ðÐðˆð( ð ðÐðX ðÐ C ð¿ÿ¸ð°Ð ðà  ðð ðÐ S ð€ô¬¿ÿ¸ð° °0Ðð`à  ˆHŠ@º___PPT9‹"¬ ð:Ÿ ŒAnd there are signs of a specific focus on young people: the report Highlighted the following: But these points beg the questions: Were children and young people ever engaged in the first place There are important reasons for  inadequate provision of youth facilities and services related to the privatisation of leisure and cuts in spending The idea that young people  must be enabled to contribute ignores the ways in which many young people already contribute in their communties in various ways, but their contributions aren t measured, and are often relatively invisible ¡,†Á“" †ÁªH,   ¤   _ ¦ø°ÐððH ðÐ ƒ ð0ƒ“Þ½h”ŽŸ‹¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë."{Æ êð9ñ 0 ¹ð±0ðÔðIð( ð ðÔðX ðÔ C ð¿ÿ¸ð°Ð ðà  ð± ðÔ S ð€L‘¿ÿ¸ð° °0Ððà   ðKŸ¨ïThe measures of cc for cyp: Based on the questionable assumptions that areas with high levels of cc have higher education outcomes, BUT Give a very clear indication of how children and young people are conceptualised in these debates. ª@  ³   ðH ðÔ ƒ ð0ƒ“Þ½h”ŽŸ‹¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.%{Æ`¿mUðjñ  0 êðâPðÜðzð( ð ðÜðX ðÜ C ð¿ÿ¸ð°Ð ðà  ðâ ðÜ S ð€¸Ë¿ÿ¸ð° °0Ððà   ð|Ÿ äSocial capital is a very nebulous concept not intended by Putnam to include cyp who are by definition excluded from civic participation because of their age& Most UK and US social policy documentation has tended to assume that cyp s social capital is simply derived from their parents social capital BUT this is much too limited and Children spend their lives and times in their neighbourhoods, older children make all kinds of contributions, have part time jobs, other economically significant activities, come to conferences, are members of sports clubs, and spend time in school contributing their labour as school work. ª|L  ”  ”  Ð   ðH ðÜ ƒ ð0ƒ“Þ½h”ŽŸ‹¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.'{Æ1Ïðº ñ  0 : ð2 `ðàðÊ ð( ð ðàðX ðà C ð¿ÿ¸ð°Ð ðà  ð2  ðà S ð€ ª™¿ÿ¸ð° °0Ððà   ðÌŸ .But interestingly, ignores UN CRC, and a further body of consultation work with children and young people that has been carried out over the past 10 to 15 years  reviewed by the former CYPU by Perpetua Kirby and others & in (2003) who found some successes and examples of positive change, particularly at small-scale local level, but also argued that much more needs to be done to expand children and young people s participation to make it meaningful and effective at a wider, national leve. Need to identify contradictions and tensions in policies and practices relating to childhood  to children and young people, to children and their families, the everyday processes of what it means to be a child, and how these everyday experiences are likely to affect children s participation. Hart s 1992 ladder  but this can lose sight of hierarchical structures in which children s lives are conducted  and the ways in which adult structures and institutions constrain and control children (in a curious way, is the ladder too child focused?) ¡-ëÿÿþª\    )  ðH ðà ƒ ð0ƒ“Þ½h”ŽŸ‹¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.({ưµ`xðl ñ 0 ì ðä pðäð| ð( ð ðäðX ðä C ð¿ÿ¸ð°Ð ðà  ðä  ðä S ð€œµ™¿ÿ¸ð° °0Ððlà  ˆTŠLº___PPT9‹.¬& ð" Ÿ DDictionary definition  Chambers 20th Century Having a share in something OR Worker participation   involvement of employees at all levels in the decision making of a company These two sets of concepts are interlinked, and it is difficult to achieve the second without the first. I.E. To what extent do children feel they participate in their communities (are part of, by default) and how does this link to active participation, having a say in decisions in their communities? (assumptions here are that  participation in both senses is  a good thing  in the health education lit, for example, it is assumed to lead to self-efficacy, self-esteem, increased awareness of choices and control over social life, all of which contribution to better  well-being . But do we need to question this assumption? Are we generating a new category of child or young person as a semi-professional participative child? But it should alert us to the idea that we should at the very least be aware that ineffective participation (or consultation) can be damaging. ¡|/³“" A#  óÀÿÿþÿÿþ@ª(á ? ¦ø°ÐððH ðä ƒ ð0ƒ“Þ½h”ŽŸ‹¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.({Æ@]ïðxñ 0 øðð€ðèðˆð( ð ðèðX ðè C ð¿ÿ¸ð°Ð ðà  ™ðð ðè S ð€8Ê™¿ÿ¸ð° °0Ððà  ™ ðŠŸ Z And I just want to look at participation in schools and communities  there is much to say about participation within families that relates but that I won t include here ª­ ðH ðè ƒ ð0ƒ“Þ½h”ŽŸ‹¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.*{ư“#ð\ñ 0 ÜðÔðìðlð( ð ðìðX ðì C ð¿ÿ¸ð°Ð ðà  ™ðÔ ðì S ð€œÇo¿ÿ¸ð° °0Ððà  ™ ðnŸ 4Schools obviously have a very important role to play in promoting children# s freedom of expression but and this is the point of the conference The formal and authoritarian way that schools operate may not encourage cyp to explore and contribute their ideas Add in to that the pressure of NC, testing  Michael freeman (1996) irony in this   one of the aims of education is to enhance the capacity for decision making and yet, in crucial areas, participation in major decision sis removed from those most affected by these decisions Various practices around school councils  Egs - Chelsea: we have got a school council, at least Alvin: that's all hype, its all hyped up, its not very good, I'm a member of the council, its not good. Researcher: why not? Alvin: its like this, its like giving us this much power [indicating small measurement with his fingers] Paul: they say, what do you want to do, then we say, oh [whatever] and they say no, we have to pass it with the senior management, and they say no and so we're back to square one Alvin: its like they're trying to make it look as though we've got some power, but we haven't. Chelsea: they're just listening, not doing... Year 10s, Mike commented: I think we get played like fools, cos we have council meetings, ok, I m a council rep, but I say this stuff, but they don t listen to me, they think I m just a laugh, they don t listen, cos we say stuff, what we want, but they don t listen, they ask us what we want, then they say no, we can t have it, what s the point of asking us? In a recent survey of civil rights in schools, Alderson (1999) found cynicism or anger about  token councils which suggests that these experiences are fairly widespread. On the other hand, in School 2 in Project 2, there was at the time of the research no school council operating, and pupils had no forum in which to voice their suggestions, and children felt there should be one. As one girl said: 'Teachers are always telling us to speak up for ourselves' I think school councils are tremendously important and the practices around them need to be scrutinised  I was in Swansea a couple of weeks ago and some young people from Funky Dragon the Children and Young People s Assembly for Wales  confirmed that these views are sill prevalent AND eg of 5 yr old in Scotland& § Å˧ ŪöB   ‹  k   X =•`]   V _   ðH ðì ƒ ð0ƒ“Þ½h”ŽŸ‹¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.*{ÆPwj.ðˆñ 0 ð ððð˜ð( ð ðððX ðð C ð¿ÿ¸ð°Ð ðà  ™ð ðð S ð€°ì™¿ÿ¸ð° °0Ððà  ™ 𚟠ö While I was doing the project on social capital I realised that children were telling me something very important about what school means to them  the experience of schol was ambivelant and sometimes contradictory  With positives and negatives - What does school mean to children? Do they feel they have a genuine share in it, or is it something that is  done to them ? Qualifications:  People do moan about school, but & they know they will learn stuff& They will have a bit of fun, and they do meet their friends Important of school as a place to be with friends - But non-democratic nature of school and High expectations of teachers  Awareness of position in  hierarchy of attainment  none of the teachers really build up our confidence (Study 2) ¡üûÿÿþªb3  m     ? ðH ðð ƒ ð0ƒ“Þ½h”ŽŸ‹¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.-{ưĉð^ñ 0 ÞðÖ°ðôðnð( ð ðôðX ðô C ð¿ÿ¸ð°Ð ðà  ™ðÖ ðô S ð€øÇo¿ÿ¸ð° °0Ððà  ™ ðpŸ &Links to wider senses of participation communities Local authorities are under no obligation to consult, but some do have youth forums  Awareness in the studies I ve done that they aren t consulted  Sense of exclusion related to wider exclusion from the social life of their neighbourhoods Mistrust from adults/shopping centre Racism Nowhere suitable to play/meet friends that didn t cost moneyª.  j ðH ðô ƒ ð0ƒ“Þ½h”ŽŸ‹¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë.-{ÆÕ,ÍðNñ 0 ÎðÆÀðøð^ð( ð ðøðX ðø C ð¿ÿ¸ð°Ð ðà  oðÆ ðø S ð€0Øo¿ÿ¸ð° °0Ððà  o ð`Ÿ Participation in the  wrong sense ? Only form of protest available to him  adult view would be to see this as vandalism/criminalr damage ª.y     ðH ðø ƒ ð0ƒ“Þ½h”ŽŸ‹¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë..{Æà¶ðñ 0 ˜ðÐðüð(ð( ð ðüðX ðü C ð¿ÿ¸ð°Ð ðà  oð ðü S ð€„ ¿ÿ¸ð° °0Ððà  o ð*Ÿ ŠThere had been some involvement about improvements to local area BUT Often found about things too late Some negative experiences of promises not being fulfilled - eg Liverpool Football club regeneration project and café  cyp consulted, promised that they would be involved in other activities, have tours of the grounds, see the training and players, but subsequently none of them had been contacted despite repeated chasing up by their project workers New facilities will be  posh and they won t fit in  (sense of belonging) Many stated they didn t enjoy school, and when asked if there was even one thing they liked about school sometimes a teacher would be mentioned, but all were involved with learning mentors and struggled in school. Some expressed very low aspirations and were dealing with very difficult family situations, describing great responsibilities for parents, and being in contact with social services. For some young people basic needs were not being met, including hygiene and adequate food and after school clubs and Saturday brunch clubs were important for meeting some these needs. Their projects was important as a source of support and safety for them. Importantly (given the fact that the one measure that relates to community cohesion for young people is academic attainment in GCSEs) when asked about schools and preparation for the future, the question was met with aggression by some groups. Young people felt school was a chore they had to go through, they came from families where no one had any qualifications and most didn t see the point. They didn t know what they wanted to do. There were no job or training opportunities locally and they were very despondent about future job prospects and mentioned drug dealing as a viable option. They like the fact that the project worked with them on portfolios and gave them certificates and felt these were important - but felt that few people would care about what they got at the end of the day. They found it very difficult to look at the future, and some were just struggling to survive difficult family situations and poverty.¡ FZÿÿþ2ª\¤  9  0  2ðH ðü ƒ ð0ƒ“Þ½h”ŽŸ‹¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë..{Æ Rï)ð(ñ 0 ¨ ð  àðð8 ð( ð ððX ð C ð¿ÿ¸ð°Ð ðà  ð   ð S ð€D= ¿ÿ¸ð° °0Ððà   ð: Ÿ Ü And to Priscilla Alderson s point that competencies to participate in decision making arise through a combination of relationships and should not necessarily be seen as age related Need a more complex and relative approach to participation and rights which is less based upon a categorical distinction between adults and childern and which takes account of differences between children (some of the papers I can see do this) Children may not welcome Participation in the adult sense of the work Need to think about the extent to which adults participate in disempowered communities we need to look at both aspects of  participation , and see how constrained young people are within their existing structures and settings (their  passive participation ) and how these constraints may affect willingness or capacity to participate, before attempts can be made to enhance their  active participation . We also need to explore the broader context and try to understand whether (even) adults in deprived or disempowered communities 'participate' in any meaningful sense. This links to the community cohesion agenda outlined at the beginning of the paper. On the one hand, government appears to want (or even requires) children and young people to participate, but on the other hand, only on the government's terms. The recent documentation on community cohesion simultaneously constructs children and young people as the problem to be solved, and as the solution to the problem Need to think about the ethics of this too:ªBA  þ {, ðH ð ƒ ð0ƒ“Þ½h”ŽŸ‹¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë./{Æ@e(ðDñ 0 Äð¼ðððTð( ð ððX ð C ð¿ÿ¸ð°Ð ðà  ð¼ ð S ð€@I ¿ÿ¸ð° °0Ððà   ðVŸ „Constructing children as simultaneously  the problem to be solved and the solution to the problem is contradictory Translation into practice and policy  there is an increasing awareness that 'children and young people have been giving the same key messages to decision makers for several years, and & despite this there is little evidence of& an impact on the development of strategic plans' (Donnelly (2003) writing in the context of Liverpool, but widely applicable). Kirby et al (2003) rightly suggest that there is still work to be done in ensuring that participation is meaningful to young people, that it is effective in bringing about change, and that it is sustained (p3). It makes sense to build upon what has been done, not least because there may be a danger of 'consultation overload' or 'burn out' - asking children and young people similar questions, over and over again, without any sign of change, sends a negative message to them about the limits of participatory democracy. This is a question of politics and ethics that needs addressing. Children and young people are wary of tokenistic consultations. Kirby et al (2003) recognise this when they suggest that organisations need to change (p144), but this begs the question of precisely how change in organisations can be brought about, and which organisations need to change. Policy priorities may clash with participatory agendas, and this needs to be unpicked. Practitioners and researchers now need to locate the barriers to effective participation. Ignoring that there are barriers, and not paying attention to context, is likely to lead to frustration and disappointment. There is overwhelming evidence now from many sources, participatory projects, research reports, evaluations, audits, and so on, that children are responsive, creative and measured in responding to calls for their views. The challenge now is not only to get adults to listen, but to act upon what they hear. What blocks effective participation? Adult practices; models of childhood  how to challenge these? The protection versus participation argument needs to shift to one where it accepted that participation will lead to better protection. How to change structures and organisations? ¡XÃZšÿÿþP3‚ÿÿþªVs [Ç     ðH ð ƒ ð0ƒ“Þ½h”ŽŸ‹¿ÿ ?ð ÿÿÿ€€€»àã33™™™™Ìˆ8Š0º___PPT10‹ë./{Æ ½½”rÔ Vïn: 6rठ0ñ½øçXg†/¾~×£ëšé2 B…]þ{wšD¾â!{‹²Îê»ç$`Ìä˜6Ü $"ò.r6g+³9%AçK[WÛZ?pÏx5~‹«”Û¢Y[õÙ'·9Å1þÿà…ŸòùOh«‘+'³Ù0U hpÄÜì ø ( 4 @LTäLWe get played for fools: dilemmas of children’s participation in EnglandGinny MorrowBeam 28Microsoft Office PowerPoint@@@{Ü«jÆ@Àü•”‹ÆªG¨Sÿÿÿÿ‰g  Ì)¡'  ÑÁ ÷€€€€€€€€€ÀÀÀÀÜÀ¦Êð """)))UUUMMMBBB999ÿ|€ÿPPÖ“ÌìÿïÖÆççÖ­©3f™Ì333f3™3Ì3ÿ3f3fff™fÌfÿf™3™f™™™Ì™ÿ™Ì3ÌfÌ™ÌÌÌÿÌfÿ™ÿÌÿ333f3™3Ì3ÿ333333f33™33Ì33ÿ33f33f3ff3™f3Ìf3ÿf3™33™3f™3™™3Ì™3ÿ™3Ì33Ì3fÌ3™Ì3ÌÌ3ÿÌ33ÿ3fÿ3™ÿ3Ìÿ3ÿÿ3f3fff™fÌfÿf3f33ff3f™3fÌ3fÿ3fff3fffff™ffÌff™f3™ff™f™™fÌ™fÿ™fÌf3Ìf™ÌfÌÌfÿÌfÿf3ÿf™ÿfÌÿfÿÌÌÿ™™™3™™™Ì™™33™f™Ì3™ÿ™f™3f™f3™™f™Ìf™ÿ3™3™™f™™™™™Ì™™ÿ™™Ì™3Ì™fÌf™Ì™ÌÌ™ÿÌ™ÿ™3ÿ™fÌ™™ÿ™Ìÿ™ÿÿ™Ì3™fÌ™ÌÌÌ3™33Ìf3Ì™3ÌÌ3Ìÿ3ÌfÌ3fÌff™™fÌÌfÌÿf™™Ì3™Ìf™Ì™™ÌÌ™Ìÿ™ÌÌÌ3ÌÌfÌÌ™ÌÌÌÌÌÿÌÌÿÌ3ÿÌfÿ™™ÿÌÌÿÌÿÿÌ3Ìfÿ™ÿ3Ì33ÿf3ÿ™3ÿÌ3ÿÿ3ÿfÿ3fÿffÌ™fÿÌfÿÿfÌ™ÿ3™ÿf™ÿ™™ÿÌ™ÿÿ™ÿÌÿ3ÌÿfÌÿ™ÌÿÌÌÿÿÌÿ3ÿÿfÿÌ™ÿÿÌÿÿÿfffÿfÿÿfffÿÿfÿfÿÿ¥!___www†††–––ËË˲²²×××ÝÝÝãããêêêñññøøøÿûð  ¤€€€ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ(4¡'A Ìx ÐÀ( xK€€€€€€€€€ÀÀÀÀÜÀðʦ """)))UUUMMMBBB999€|ÿPPÿ“ÖÿìÌÆÖïÖçç©­3f™Ì3333f3™3Ì3ÿff3fff™fÌfÿ™™3™f™™™Ì™ÿÌÌ3ÌfÌ™ÌÌÌÿÿfÿ™ÿÌ3333f3™3Ì3ÿ3333333f33™33Ì33ÿ3f3f33ff3f™3fÌ3fÿ3™3™33™f3™™3™Ì3™ÿ3Ì3Ì33Ìf3Ì™3ÌÌ3Ìÿ3ÿ33ÿf3ÿ™3ÿÌ3ÿÿff3fff™fÌfÿf3f33f3ff3™f3Ìf3ÿffff3fffff™ffÌf™f™3f™ff™™f™Ìf™ÿfÌfÌ3fÌ™fÌÌfÌÿfÿfÿ3fÿ™fÿÌÌÿÿÌ™™™3™™™™Ì™™33™f™3Ì™ÿ™f™f3™3f™f™™fÌ™3ÿ™™3™™f™™™™™Ì™™ÿ™Ì™Ì3fÌf™Ì™™ÌÌ™Ìÿ™ÿ™ÿ3™Ìf™ÿ™™ÿÌ™ÿÿÌ™3ÌfÌ™ÌÌ™3Ì33Ì3fÌ3™Ì3ÌÌ3ÿÌfÌf3™ffÌf™ÌfÌ™fÿ̙̙3Ì™fÌ™™Ì™ÌÌ™ÿÌÌÌÌ3ÌÌfÌÌ™ÌÌÌÌÌÿÌÿÌÿ3™ÿfÌÿ™ÌÿÌÌÿÿÌ3ÿfÿ™Ì3ÿ33ÿ3fÿ3™ÿ3Ìÿ3ÿÿfÿf3Ìffÿf™ÿfÌÌfÿÿ™ÿ™3ÿ™fÿ™™ÿ™Ìÿ™ÿÿÌÿÌ3ÿÌfÿÌ™ÿÌÌÿÌÿÿÿ3Ìÿfÿÿ™ÿÿÌffÿfÿffÿÿÿffÿfÿÿÿf!¥___www†††–––ËË˲²²×××ÝÝÝãããêêêñññøøøðûÿ¤  €€€ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ_______________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………_………_………_………_…………………_………………………………………__…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_………_………_……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………_…___________________…___…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………___…___…_…_……_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………_…………………_………………………………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…_…_………_………_…_…_…_…_………_…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_…………………_……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…__…_…_………_………_………_………_…………………_…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………¡…………………¡…………………¡…………………___…___…___…_…_…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…………………_…………………_………_………_………_………_………_………………………………………………………………………………………………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_………_………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…_…_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_………_……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………¡………___…___…_…_…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_………………………………………_…………………_…………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…_…_………_………_………_……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………_…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_………_…………………_………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_………_…………………_……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………_______…___…___…___…___…___……_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_…………………………………………………………………………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_………_………_…………………_……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………_…___…___…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…_…_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_…………………_………………………………………………………………………………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…__…_…_…_…_………_………_………_………_…………………………………………………………………………………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_…………………………………………………………………………<___<___<___<___<___<______________________________________________…_______…___…___…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_……………………………__________________________________________…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………______<______________________________________________________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…_…_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_……………………………_…………………………………………………………………________________________________…_…_…_………_………_………_………_………_………_…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………§…<______________…_______…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…_…_………_…_…_………_…_…_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_……†……………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…__…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………§…†…§……………_____________…___…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_………_…………………_…………………………†…†………………………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_…………………_…………_…………ûû…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………§…†…§……………………………___________________…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_……_…_…_…_…_…_…_ûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûû…ûû_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_………_………_………_……†………†…………_………_………_………__…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_……ûû…ûûû…ûûû…ûûûûûû_ûûûûûûû_ûû…ûû…ûû…û……û………………………………………………………………………………………………†…§…†………………………………………………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…ûûû…û…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…û…_…_………_………_………_………_…………………_………_……†………†…………_…………………_……………………………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…__…_…_………_………_………_………_…………………_…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………§…†…§…†………………………………………………………………_______________________________…___…___…___……__…_……û…_…___…_û…_……__………_…………………………………_………_………_………_……………_………__…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…ûûûûûûûûûûûûûûû_ûûûûûûûûûûûûûû…_ûû…ûûûûûûûûûû…ûûû…ûûûûûûûûû…†…†…†………………………………_…_………………………………………_____________________…___…___…___…___…_ûûûû_ûûûû…ûûûûûû…ûû_ûû…û…ûûûûûûûûûû…_…ûûûûûûûûû…ûû_ûûûû…_ûûû…ûûû_ûûûû…ûûûû………†…………_………_………_…_………_…_………………………………___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…û…_…_ûûû_…_û_…_…û…_û……_………_………_ûû…_………_……û_û………û……………………ûû………………û……û…………………†…†…†…†……………………………………………………_………………………………___________________________…_______…___…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_……_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_……_…_…_…_…_…_…………………………………_………_………_………………_………_…_…_………_………_………__…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…__…_…_…_………û_…_…………û………_…………………………………………†……………………………………_…_………………………_…………………………………………_________________________…___…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…ûûûûûûû_ûûûûûûûûû_…_…_………………………………………_………_………_………_…_…_………_………_…_…_………………………………………………___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_ûûûûûûûû_…ûûûûûû…ûûû…ûûû……………………………………………………………………………………_…_…_…………………_…_……………………………………………………_______________________________________…___…___…___…___…___…___…__ûûûû_…___…_û_û_…_…_…_…_……………_……………………………_…_…_………_…_…___…_…_…_…_…_………___…_………_………_………_…………………______…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………………………………………………………………………………………_…_…_………………………_…_…_…………………………………………†……………_____________________________…___…___…__…__________…___…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…………………………………………_…_…………_…_…__…_…_………_………_…_…_…………………_………_………_………_………………___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…û_û_……___………………………û………ûû…û…û…………………_…_…_……………………………………………………………………_______________________________________ûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûû…ûûûûûûûûûûû…ûûûûûûûûûû_ûûû_ûûûûûûûûûûû…_…_…___…_…_…_………_………_………_………_…………………__…___…___…___…___…___…_…_…_______…___…ûûûûû_ûûûûûûû…ûûûûûû_ûû…ûûûû_ûûûûûûûûû…ûûûû……ûûûû…ûû…ûû_ûûû_…ûûûû_…ûûûû_ûûûûûûû………_…_…_………………………………………………………………………………_____________________________________________ûû__û_____ûû___…_û_…_……_…û…ûû……_……………………………_…_…_……_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…û………_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_………_………_…………………_……___…___…___…___________…___…__…__…__……_û…………………………û…………__…………………………………………………………………………………………________________<_____________ûûûûûûûûûûûûû_ûûûûû_ûûûûûûûûûûû_…ûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûû…_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_………_………______________________________ûûûûû_ûûûûû_ûû_û_…ûû_ûûûû…_ûûûûûûûûûû………ûûûûû…ûû_ûûûûûû…û…ûûûûûû…ûû_ûûûû…ûûûû…ûûûû…ûûûûûû…ûûû……………………………………………………………………………__<___________________________ûû________û____…___…___…_…_…_…ûûû…_…ûû……_………û…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_ûû__…___…___…_û_…_…_ûû_û…_ûû…_………_…_û_………_………_………_………_…………………_……………______________________________________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………………………………………………………_…_…_………_………_………_…_…_…_…_…………………_……………_…_…_…_………………………………………………………………………………………………………<___<___<___<___<___<_______<__________________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_____…_______…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…___…_………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…………………_………_……………______________________________…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…………………………………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_…_…_…_…_………………………………………………………………………………………………………__<___<___<___<_______<________________…__…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_______…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…___…_…_…_………_…_…_………_…_…_………_……………………………_………_……____________________…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_……_………_………_………………………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_…_…_…_…_……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………<_<_<_<_<_<_<__________________…___…___…__…_…_…_…_…_…_…_______…___…___…___…_______________…_…_…_…_…_…_________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…_…_…_…___…_…_…______________________…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_……_…_…_…_………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…………………_………_………………………………………………………………………………………_…_…___<___<__________________…___…___…___…_…__…_…_…_…___…_______…___…___…_______________…_…_…_…_…_…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_……………_…_………_………_…_…_…____________…_______…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_……_………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…………………_……………………………………………………………………………………………_………_…_……___________________________…___…___…___…__…_______________…_______________________…_…_…_…_____________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………______________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_____…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…____…_…_…_…_…_………………………_………_………_………_……………………………………………………………_………_…_…………_________________________…___…___…_…_…___________________…_________________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_____________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…_………_…_…_………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…____…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_____…_…_…_…_…_____…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…………………_………_…………………_………………………………………………………………………_………_…_…_…………_______________________________…_______________________________________…___…___…___…_____________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…_…_…__…___…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_____________…___…___…_________________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…___…___……_………_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_………_………_…………………_…………………_……………_…_………………_________________________…________<__________________________________…___…___…_________________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…_…_…_………_…_………_…_…_………_……___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_______…_______…___…___…_______________…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_………_…………………………………………………_…_………_…_…_………………____________________<_____<_<_______________<___<___<______________________…_______________…_…_…_…__…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…_…_…_…_…__…___…___…___…___________________…___…___________________…_…_……_…_…_…_…______…___…_…_…_…_………_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_………_………_…………………_…………………_…_………_…_…_……………………____________________<_<_______________<___<___<__ûû____________û____________û_________…_…_…_…_…_……_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…_…_…_…_…_………_…_…_……_…_…_…_…_______________…__________________û_û_…__…_û…__…__û____…………_……_…_……………………_……………………………………_………_…_…_…_……………………________<___<_<_<_<____________û<<û<<_ûûû_<___<ûûû__ûûû_ûû___ûûû__ûûûûû__û__ûûû_…_ûûû__…û_…ûû__û…_…û_…ûû__ûû…ûûûû__…_û_…_…_…___…___…___…_………_…_…__…__________<________________ûûûû_û____û…û_ûû_…_û_û_ûû_û_ûûû_û…û_…_û…û_ûû_…_û…û_ûû…ûû_…û_………_………_…_…_………_…_…_…………………………__<___<_<_<_<_____________<_<_ûûûû<ûûûû__<_û_û_ûûûûû___û_û_û_ûûû_ûûûûûû…û_û…_…û_û…û_û_…û_û…ûû_ûû…ûû_…_…_…_…_…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…______________________________ûûûû_û_û_____û_û_û_û…û__ûû__û__û_û_û_û_û_û_û_…_ûû…û_…û_ûû…û…û_û…ûû……_…………_…_………_…_…_………………………………<_<_<_<_<___<___<___<_<_<_<<û_ûûû__ûû_______ûûû___ûû_ûûû___ûûû___û_ûûû_û___û_ûû…_…_ûûû__ûûû_…ûû_…_ûû…ûûû_…ûû_…_ûû…_û…ûûû……û_…___…_…_…___…_…_…_………_…_…_<________________________ûûû_û_û__û___…_______…___…____û_________û__…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…û_…_û__…_…_…_…_…_û_…__…_…_…û_…_…ûû_…_…_………_…_…_…_…_…………………………<_<___<_______<_<_<_<_<_<_û_ûû<__û<__û_____________________û__________û__…___…_…_…___…___…_û_…___û_…_…_…_…_…_…_û_…_…__…_…_û_…_…_û_û_…___…_…_…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…________________________________________…___…___…___…___________________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…__………_………_………_…_…_………_…_…_…_……………………………………<_<_<___<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<___________________<___<___<___<__________…___________________…___…___…___…_…_…___…_…__…_…_…_…_…_…_____…_________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_________<___<___<____________________________________________________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…_…_…_…_………_………_………………__<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_______________________<___<___<__________…___…___________…_______…___…___…_…_…_…_…___…___……_…_…_…_…_…___…_…_____…___…_…_…_…_…_…_………___<_______<________________________________…___________________…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…_…_………_…_…_…_…_………………………………………<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<___<_______________<_<_<___<___<___<______________________________…_______…___…_…_…_______…_…_…_…_…_…_____…_…_________…_…_…_…_…_…_…__<___<___<___<________________________________________________…_…_…_…_…___…___…_…_…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…………………_………_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<___<_________________<_<_<_<___<___<__________…_______________________…___…___…___……_…_______…_…_…_…_……_…_____…_…_________…_…_…_…_…_…_………____________________________________________________________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_……_…_…_…_………_…_…_…_…_…………………_……………<_<_<_<_<_<_<___<___<___<___<___<___<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<________________________________________________…_…___________…___…___…______…___________…_…_…_…_…_…_…__<___<___<_______________________<________________________…___…_______…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…___…___…___…___………_………_………_……<_<_<_<_<_<___<___<___<___<_____<_<_<_<_<_<___<___<__________________________________________…___…_…_____________…___…_…_…______…___________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…___<__________________________________________________…_…___…___…___…___…_______…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…___…_…_…_…_…_………___…_…__…_…_…_…_………_………_………_………<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<___<___<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_____________________________<__________________…_______________…___…___…_______…_…_________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_……_<_______________________<___<____________________…___…___…_______…___…_______…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…_________…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…___…_…_…___…___…_…_…_…_………_………_…_……__<___<___<___<___<___<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_______________________________<__________________…_______________…___…_…_…_______…_…___________…_…_…_…_…_…_………_…_…_______________________<________________________…___…___…_______…___…_______…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_________…_…_…_…_…_………_…_…___…_…_…___…___…_…_………_………_…………………_……<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<___<_________________________<_________________________<___<__________…_________________________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…____________________<___<___<___<___<____________________________________________…___…___…___…_____________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_____…_…_______…__…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_<_<___<_<_<___<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<___________________________<___________________________<___<__________…___…_______________________…__…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…_______________<___<___<___<________________…_______________________…___…___…___…___…_…_…_…_________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…_…_…___…___…___…___…_…_…_………_…_…_………<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<___<___________<___<___________<_________________________<_<_<_<______________…___________…___________…___…_…_…_…_…_____…_…__________<___<___<___<___<___<____________________________________________…_______…___…___________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_____…_…_______…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<___<___________<_______________<_________________________<_<_<_<__________…___…___________…___________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…_…_…_…___<___<___<___<_______<________________________________________________…___…___…___…__<________…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…_…_…___…___…___…_…_…_…_…_…__…_…_…_…_…_…_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<___<___<___<___<___<___<_<_<_________________________<_<_<_<_<_______<____…_________________________________…_…__________…___…_<_<_<___<_<_<___<___<___________________________________<________________________…__<___<____…___…___…___…_…_________…_____________…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…___…_…_…_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<___________<___<___<___<_____<___________________________<_<_<_<_<_______<____…___________…_______________…_…_…___…_…_…_…_________…_…___<___<___<___<___<___________________________________<____________________…_…_…__<___<___<…___…___…_…_…_…_…_______…_…_____…_______…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_____…_…_…_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<___<___<___<___<___<___<___<_<_<___<_____________________<_<_<_<_<_______<____…___________________________…<__…___…___…________…_____…_<___<_<_<___<___<_________________________________<_<___________________________<_<_<_<_<…___…__<…___…___________…_…_____________…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…______…___…_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<___<_<_<_______<___<___<___<___<___<_<_<_________________________<_<_<_<_<_______<____…___________________________…___…___…_…_…_…_…____<__…___…_…___<___<___<______________________________________________________________…____<___<___<…___…__<____………_…_______…_…_____…_______…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_…_______…_____…_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<___<___<___<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<___<___<___<___<___<___<_________<_<_<_<_<_______<____…______________________________<________…___…__<_<_<______…_<_<_<___<___________________________________<_<_____________________________<_<_<_<_<_______<____…___…___________…_____________…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_______…___…_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<___<___<___<___<_<_<___<___<_<_<___<___<___<_______________<_<_<_<_<_<_______<____…_______________________________________…___…__<_<_<_<…__<__…____<_______________________________________<_<___________________________<_<_<_<_<_<_______<____…___…_________…_…_____________…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…_____________…_…_<_<_<_<_<___<_<_<___<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<_<___<___<___<___<_______<<<_<<<_<_<_______<_____________________________________<__________…___…<_<_<__…<_<…___…_<_______________________________________<_____________________________<_<_<_<_<_________<________…___________…_______________…_…_…___…_…_…_…_…__<___<…_____…_…_<_<_<_<___<___<___<_<_<_<_<_<_<___<___<_<_<___<___<___<___<___<_______<<<_<_<_<_________<_____________________________________<__…_______…_…_…__<_<_<…__<_<…_…_…_____________________________________<_<________________________…____<_<_<_<_<_________<_____……_…___________…_______________…___…_…_…_…_…_…_…__<__________…_…_…_þÿÕÍÕœ.“—+,ù®DÕÍÕœ.“—+,ù®ˆDˆ¨´¼ÄÌ Ô Üä ìôü  âäOn-screen Show-'¸êØ ArialTimes New Roman WingdingsBeam“We get played for fools”:Outline of talk 5The meteoric rise of the concept of ‘social capital’And links to citizenship"A cohesive community is one where3‘Building cohesive communities’ (Home Office 2002)0Indicators of cc for children and young people?*Children and young people’s participation Definitions 3 projects!Active Participation in schools‘Being there’: participationCivic participation Slide 14 Youth forumSuggestions for improvementLiverpool consultation Discussion Slide 19 Slide 20Judith Ennew (2000) Conclusions References Slide 24 Slide 25  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles„ 8@ _PID_HLINKSäA<Bhttp://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/docs/piuspeech.html accessed 6/12/04.http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/comrace/cohesionhttp://www/renewal.net/,http://www.statistics.gov.uk/socialcapital/ö_À‘ã¸ô    !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—˜™š›œžŸ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖרÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿ      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–—˜™š›œžŸ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬­®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹º»¼½¾¿ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖרÙÚÛÜþÿÿÿÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùúûüýþÿþÿÿÿ     þÿÿÿþÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿþÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿRoot Entryÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿd›Oφꪹ)èþÿÿÿCurrent UserÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿSummaryInformation(ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÝ4UPowerPoint Document(ÿÿÿÿ'¸DocumentSummaryInformation8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ